United Kingdom
Overcrowding
Key points
- 5% of people and 2½% of households live in overcrowded conditions, both similar proportions to a decade ago.
- Overcrowding is four times as prevalent in social rented housing as in owner occupation: 12% of people compared with 3%.
- London and Scotland have a much higher proportion of overcrowded households than any other region: from the 2001 Census, 17% of households in London and 12% in Scotland have an occupancy rating of -1 or less compared to around 6% in other regions.
- Of the 1.5 million adults living in overcrowded conditions, a third (500,000 adults) neither own nor rent the property they are living in and are in effect therefore living in someone else's home (usually their parents'). Almost half of these are aged 25 or over.
Graph 1: Over time
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Graph 2: By tenure
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Graph 3: By region
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Map
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Graph 4: By owner/renter status
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Why this indicator was originally chosen
In increasing degrees of severity, lack of housing availability can manifest itself in overcrowding, homelessness and rough sleeping.
Overcrowding almost invariably occurs in households with large numbers of children. It is associated with a higher rate of child accidents NCVCCO 1995, No fault of their wwn, cited in NCH Action for Children '98 Factfile, page 164.; it encourages infection Woodruffe, C et al Children, teenagers and health: the key data, Page 105, 1993.; and the resulting lack of privacy can be a considerable cause of mental stress Barrett S Health prospects for young citizens of the North West, Department of Public Health, Liverpool University, 1998.
Definitions and data sources
The first graph shows the proportion of both people and households that fall below a measure of occupation density known as the 'bedroom standard'. Note that the proportion of people living in overcrowded conditions is much higher than the proportion of households.
The 'bedroom standard' is calculated in relation to the number of bedrooms and the number of household members and their relationship to each other. One bedroom is allocated to each married or cohabiting couple, any other person over 21, each pair aged 10 to 20 of the same sex and each pair of children under 10.
The data source is the General Household Survey (GHS) and relates to Great Britain. Note that GHS moved from financial years to calendar years in 2005. Also, note that the data for 1997/98 and 1999/00 is missing because the GHS was not carried out in those years.
The second graph shows how the proportion of people who were living in overcrowded conditions varies by tenure using the same bedroom standard. The data source is the Survey of English Housing and relates to England. To improve its statistical reliability, the data is the average for the latest three years.
The third graph shows how the proportion of households living in overcrowded conditions varies by region and housing tenure. The data is from the 2001 Census and relates to the United Kingdom. The standard of overcrowding used in the Census is something called 'occupancy rating' which assumes that every household; including one person households; requires a minimum of two common rooms (excluding bathrooms). It is not obvious precisely how this definition relates to that of the bedroom standard but clearly a lot more households fall below this standard than fall below the bedroom standard. An alternative source for data on overcrowding by region is GHS but the sample sizes of this survey are too small to provide reliable estimates at a regional level.
The map shows how the proportion of households living in overcrowded conditions varies at a small area level (the 2001 Census output areas). Again, this uses the occupancy ratings from the Census. The data is from the 2001 Census and relates to Great Britain.
The fourth graph provides a breakdown of those aged 16 and over who are living in overcrowded conditions by age and status. The various statuses are owner of the property, renter of the property, spouse of the owner or renter, and neither owner/renter nor spouse. This division has been chosen as those who are not owners/renters or spouses do not have an obvious 'licence to occupy' the property and thus could potentially be considered to be homeless. The age separation between those aged 16-24 and 25+ has been chosen because, whilst those aged 24 and below are often still in the transition from dependent to independent living, the vast majority of those aged 25 and over have reached a more settled living arrangement.
The data source for the fourth graph is the Survey of English Housing and relates to England. To improve its statistical reliability, the data is the average for the latest three years.
Overall adequacy of the indicator: limited. The bedroom standard itself is considered by many to be low, particularly for those aged over 10, and the overall level of overcrowding shown by it may therefore be too low.
External links
- For a wide-ranging discussion of all aspects of housing, including its links with poverty, see the 2006 Joseph Rowntree Foundation report entitled Housing and neighbourhoods monitor.
- See the Joseph Rowntree Foundation report entitled Home ownership and poverty in Britain.
Relevant 2007 Public Service Agreements
Overall aim: Increase long-term housing supply and affordability
Lead department
Department for Communities and Local Government
Official national targets
Increase the number of net additional homes provided per annum to 240,000 by 2016.
Increase the number of gross affordable homes provided per annum to 70,000 by 2010-11 including 45,000 social homes.
Halve the number of households in temporary accommodation to 50,500 households by 2010.
By March 2011, 80% of local planning authorities to have adopted the necessary Development Plan Documents, in accordance with their agreed Local Development Scheme.
Other indicators of progress
Trends in affordability.
Efficiency rating of new homes.
Previous 2004 targets
Achieve a better balance between housing availability and the demand for housing, including improving affordability. in all English regions while protecting valuable countryside around our towns, cities and in the green belt and the sustainability of towns and cities.
By 2010, bring all social housing into decent condition with most of this improvement taking place in deprived areas, and for vulnerable households in the private sector, including families with children, increase the proportion who live in homes that are in decent condition.
Relevant government policies
- Housing investment programme
- Capital receipts initiative
- Supporting people programme
- Homelessness acts
- Housing strategy
- Homelessness strategy
The numbers
Graph 1
| Year | Households | People |
|---|---|---|
| 1993/94 | 3.1% | 6.1% |
| 1994/95 | 2.8% | 5.2% |
| 1995/96 | 2.2% | 4.5% |
| 1996/97 | 2.4% | 4.7% |
| 1998/99 | 1.8% | 3.6% |
| 2000/01 | 2.2% | 4.3% |
| 2001/02 | 2.1% | 4.3% |
| 2002/03 | 2.2% | 4.5% |
| 2003/04 | 2.4% | 4.7% |
| 2004/05 | 2.5% | 4.8% |
| 2005 | 2.2% | 4.3% |
| 2006 | 2.2% | 4.3% |
| 2007 | 2.4% | 4.8% |
Graph 2
| Tenure | Proportion of people overcrowded |
|---|---|
| Owner occupier | 3% |
| Private rented | 9% |
| Social rented sector | 12% |
Graph 3
| % of properties in the region with an occupancy rating of -1 or worse | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Owned | Social rented | Private rented | Total |
| East | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 5.2% |
| East Midlands | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 4.5% |
| London | 4.6% | 7.6% | 5.1% | 17.3% |
| North East | 1.7% | 2.6% | 0.8% | 5.1% |
| North West | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 5.4% |
| Northern Ireland | 3.4% | 3.0% | 0.9% | 7.3% |
| Scotland | 4.3% | 5.4% | 2.1% | 11.7% |
| South East | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 5.9% |
| South West | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 5.0% |
| Wales | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 4.4% |
| West Midlands | 2.2% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 5.6% |
| Yorkshire and The Humber | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 5.5% |
Graph 4
| Group | Thousands |
|---|---|
| Owns or rents the property (includes spouses) | 1,000K |
| Not an owner/renter nor spouse - aged 16-24 | 300K |
| Not an owner/renter nor spouse - aged 25 or above | 200K |